Alexey Boubnov
Maximilian Kabbe
Richard Thelen
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Person with knowledge of how to access, troubleshoot, or otherwise field issues related to the resource.
Definition adopted from DataCite version 4.6 (https://doi.org/10.14454/mzv1-5b55). To date, DataCite has not published an official SKOS or RDF release in version 4.6 with resolvable URIs
Contact Person
Person/institution responsible for finding or gathering/collecting data under the guidelines of the author(s) or Principal Investigator (PI).
Data Collector
Person tasked with reviewing, enhancing, cleaning, or standardizing metadata and the associated data submitted for storage, use, and maintenance within a data centre or repository.
Data Curator
Person responsible for maintaining the finished resource.
Definition adapted from DataCite version 4.6 (https://doi.org/10.14454/mzv1-5b55). To date, DataCite has not published an official SKOS or RDF release in version 4.6 with resolvable URIs
Data Manager
Person who manages a particular Instrument, or a set of them.
Adapted from the definition of Instrument Scientist in https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57135-5_18
Instrument Scientist
Person officially designated as head of project team or sub- project team instrumental in the work necessary to development of the resource.
Project Leader
Person officially designated as manager of a project. Project may consist of one or many project teams and sub-teams.
Project Manager
Person on the membership list of a designated project/project team.
Project Member
A person without a specifically defined role in the development of the resource, but who is someone the author wishes to recognize.
Related Person
A person involved in analysing data or the results of an experiment or formal study. May indicate an intern or assistant to one of the authors who helped with research but who was not so “key” as to be listed as an author.
Researcher
Designated administrator over one or more groups/teams working to produce a resource, or over one or more steps of a development process.
Supervisor
Person responsible for ensuring the comprehensive contents, versioning, and availability of the Work Package during the development of the resource.
Work Package Leader
Any software designed to interface directly with an Instrument in order to control and monitor Data Acquisition parameters (i.e., Settings), and to collect Raw Data. Regardless of whether the Acquisition Software is integrated with the Instrument or operates as a standalone application (e.g., installed on a separate computer or packaged as a virtual machine), it is considered part of the Instrument.
Acquisition Software
Neil MacKinnon
Sarah Irvine
Auxiliary entity, normally acquired from third-party manufacturers, used during Processing and Treatment or Measurement which has a limited time capacity or is limited in its number of uses before it is disposed of. Consumables are not part of the Instrument. Examples of Consumable are: gloves, syringes, wipes, etching solutions, glass slides, spatulas, weighing paper, two-sided tape.
Consumable
Physical or virtual place hosted by an Institution, where the Equipment (including Instruments), is located and can be physically, virtually, and/or remotely accessed to perform any of the processes during the course of a Study.
Adapted from the definition of Instrument in https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57135-5_18
Laboratory
Enterprise (potentially individual but typically collaborative) of one or more Research Users, planned to perform one or more Studies.
Adapted from the definition of Project in https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57135-5_18
Project
Piece of Equipment used for carrying one or more Samples and/or one or more Sample Holders (depending on the scientific use case), which is helpful for, e.g., referencing, handling, or height adjustment. Examples of Sample Carrier are: a naked wafer, a glass slide, an individually designed metal frame, but also a Si crystal carrying a Sample of exfoliated graphene.
Sample Carrier
Piece of Equipment used for making one or more Samples accessible for a Measurement or for holding them in place in the predefined position to be mounted inside the Instrument. Examples of Sample Holder are: a glass slide, a TEM grid, or a tilting support. Depending on the scientific use case, a Sample Holder may carry or be carried by a Sample Carrier.
Sample Holder
Information system used to store, manage and provide access to Metadata, following a policy or a set of rules that define storage and access norms. Many Data Repositories automatically assign globally unique Persistent Identifiers to deposited resources. A Metadata Repository may be associated with an Institution or a group of them, or may be run by a third party. A Metadata Repository may or may not be directly used by Research Users. The access rights granted to the resources may be determined by the User Role.
Metadata Repository
Any Research Data from prior Studies or from literature, which is used in the course of a Study to, e.g., define a Model, compare Analyzed Data, and/or validate findings and results. Reference Data is typically retrieved from publicly accessible Data Repositories. Depending on the research context, Reference Data usually undergo some kind of Data Processing before being used.
Reference Data
Specific type of Research Data, primary output of any kind of Data Analysis performed on Research Data, typically on Processed Data.
Adapted from the definition of Analysed Data in https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57135-5_18
Analyzed Data
Set of actions carried out by one or more Research Users, possibly using Research Software, with the intent of characterizing and connecting the different types of information from co-referenced (in time or space) multimodal Research Data obtained using different Techniques. This may include the output of multiple Data Acquisitions and/or Data Analyses to obtain complementary insights on a region of interest, as well as to put into relation features of different Systems across multiple length scales over time. While Correlative Characterization by definition focuses on one location, it is frequently combined with statistical methods for Raw Data from multiple locations.
Adapted from the definition of Correlative Characterization in https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-019-0402-8
broaderMatch: http://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/mwo/CharacterizationMethod
Correlative Characterization
Specific type of Research Data, primary output of any kind of Data Processing performed on Research Data (typically, but not limited to, Raw Data or Reference Data). Processed Data is usually an intermediate result, to be used as input of one or more further processes, e.g., Model Preparation or Data Analysis.
Processed Data
Any of the following contributions, peer-reviewed or not: article in a scientific journal (and related supporting information), monograph, book or book chapter, conference proceedings, “grey literature” (informally published material having not gone through a standard publishing process, e.g., reports and highlights). A Scientific Publication typically reports the results and the conclusions of a Study, may be supplemented by Publication Data, and may be assigned a Persistent Identifier. A Scientific Publication may be attributed to some or to all the Research Users who are members of the Project.
Scientific Publication
modeling the relation to Publication Data using DataCite or Dublin Core ones should be preferred, if existing in the administrative metadata of the repository
Hierarchical entity which hosts one or more Laboratories.
Institution
Any software used to process, analyze, or visualize Research Data (including data rendering and or plotting).
Adapted from the definition of Data Analysis Software in https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57135-5_18
narrowerMatch: http://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/mwo/ProcessingSoftware
narrowerMatch: http://purls.helmholtz-metadaten.de/mwo/VisualizationSoftware
Research Software
Any set of configuration parameters which determine the operational conditions of Equipment (including Instrument), configure Acquisition Software and/or Research Software, and/or describe a Model (e.g., by specifying the type of solver user).
Settings
Set of actions performed by one or more Research Users, possibly using a Technique and Research Software, on Research Data, typically Processed Data, to extract insights that support the answer to some scientific research question. Data Analysis may include: linear combination fitting, least-squares curve fitting, data modelling, pattern extraction and/or segmentation, data visualization. The output of Data Analysis is Analyzed Data.
Data Analysis
Operational information system which allows Research Users to keep their Research Data, Datasets, and related documents (e.g., notes or drafts of Scientific Publications) synchronized and up to date and to share them with other Research Users, who are typically members of the same Project. The access rights granted to the resources may be determined by the User Role. The system is intended for the long-tail, unstructured, and still volatile data, which may change and is still subject to active research. Therefore, a Data Collaboration Platform offers versioning of all ingested files but does not usually assign them Persistent Identifiers. A Data Collaboration Platform may be associated with an Institution or a group of them, or may be run by a third party.
Adapted from the definition of Data Archive in https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57135-5_18
Data Collaboration Platform
Set of actions performed by one or more Research Users, possibly using a Technique and Research Software, on Research Data, typically Reference Data or Raw Data, to prepare it for one or more further processes, e.g., Model Preparation, computational Data Acquisition, and/or Data Analysis. Data Processing usually consists of routine actions. It may include: filtering, denoising, transformation, fusion and/or compression of Research Data, as well as calibration, normalization, statistical data reduction, background subtraction and/or correction of artifacts. The output of Data Processing is Processed Data.
Data Processing
Broad term used to define a physical System, typically a substance or mixture of substances, in different states of matter or phases, of which something is composed or can be made. According to this definition, a Sample is constituted by at least one Material. Material(s) may undergo some kind of Processing and Treatment and/or Measurement.
Material
Set of actions carried out by one or more Research Users, possibly using Research Software, to define and/or formulate a Model making use of Research Data (typically, but not limited to, Reference Data after Data Processing) as input for parametrization, boundary conditions, or validation. A Model Preparation may require the use of Equipment. The output of Model Preparation is Model.
Model Preparation
Set of actions (physical changes or chemical reactions) carried out by one or more Research Users, a commercial enterprise, or a third party, performed on (or between) one or more physical Systems to produce them, treat them, or prepare them for a subsequent Measurement, under controlled conditions described by Settings. Processing and Treatment may require the use of Equipment and Consumables. One or more Measurements may also be performed during Processing and Treatment, e.g., to characterize the intermediate stages and/or the final resulting physical System(s). The output of Processing and Treatment is one or more physical Systems. Examples of Processing and Treatment are: synthesis, fabrication, any type of Material or Sample treatment (e.g., thermo-mechanical or surface treatment), and Sample preparation.
Processing and Treatment
Computational Data Acquisition performed by one or more Research Users on a Model to process its input Settings into output calculated properties using a specific computational and/or theoretical Technique based on a theory accepted by the scientific community (e.g., Density Functional Theory, Conformal Field Theory).
Adapted from the definition of Calculation in https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62466-8_14
Calculation
Set of actions performed by one or more Research Users on Research Data and/or Datasets using a Technique to cleanse, document, standardize, format and inter-relate them, with the goal of ensuring they are fit for the purpose and available for discovery and reuse. This includes (but is not limited to): forming a new Dataset from several data sources, annotating Research Data and/or a Dataset with Metadata, maintaining links with published materials (Publication Data and/or Scientific Publications). For dynamic Datasets this may mean continuous enrichment or updating. Special forms of Data Curation (e.g., versioning) may be available in Data Repositories.
Adapted from the definition of Data Curation in https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57135-5_18
Data Curation
Information system used to store, manage, and provide access to digital resources, following a set of rules that define storage and access norms. A Data Repository is particularly suitable for (but not limited to) Publication Data, which is not likely to be altered again. Many Data Repositories automatically assign globally unique Persistent Identifiers to deposited resources. A Data Repository may be associated with an Institution or a group of them, or may be run by a third party. A Data Repository may or may not be directly used by Research Users. The access rights granted to the resources may be determined by the User Role.
Data Repository
Collection of scientifically related (depending on the research context) Research Data, along with their respective descriptive Metadata, formed after some kind of Data Curation. Datasets are typically stored in a Data Collaboration Platform and/or in a Data Repository. A Dataset may consist of other Datasets. The components of a Dataset remain individually identifiable.
Adapted from the definition of Data Asset in https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57135-5_18
Dataset
A Dataset may consist of other Datasets. A Dataset may have related Metadata
Digital representation of a System, primary output of any kind of Model Preparation, aimed to be used in one or more Calculations or Simulations for its description or for predictions of its behaviour. A Model represents the System by direct similitude (e.g., small-scale replica) or by capturing in a logical framework the relations between its properties (e.g., mathematical Model). A Model typically consists of Settings which may be stored in one or more files.
Model
Specific type of Research Data, primary output of a Data Acquisition performed on a System, before any subsequent Data Processing.
Adapted from the definition of Raw Data in https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57135-5_18
Raw Data
Computational Data Acquisition performed by one or more Research Users on a Model to manipulate its Settings using a specific computational and/or theoretical Technique in order to study, predict, or optimize the behaviour and performance of existing or proposed features and properties of a physical System that would otherwise be too complex, too large/small, too fast/slow, too dangerous, inaccessible, or unacceptable to engage and/or control. Examples of Simulation are: multiscale simulation, finite-element simulation, molecular dynamics simulation, discrete dislocation dynamics simulation.
Adapted from the definition of Simulation in https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/268437.268440
Simulation
Physical or digital entity or set of entities with distinctive properties (structural, chemical, dimensional, functional, or others) which is the subject of one or more actions or investigations. According to this definition, Sample, Material, and Model are particular types of System.
System
Dataset(s) generated in the course of a Study, that has undergone quality assessment and Data Curation, and can be cited as a reliable source (i.e., a Persistent Identifier is assigned to it) to, e.g., reproduce the results and/or support the conclusions presented in a Scientific Publication or appearing in it. Publication Data may be attributed to some or to all the Research Users who are members of the Project.
Publication Data
Modeling the relation to Scientific Publication using DataCite or Dublin Core should be preferred, if existing in the administrative metadata of the repository
Physical System, composed by one or more Materials, exposed to the Instrument during a Measurement, typically after some kind of Processing and Treatment. Sample may be held by a Sample Holder and/or carried by a Sample Carrier.
Adapted from the definition of Sample in https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57135-5_18
Sample
Set of actions carried out by one or more Research Users, performed on a System or a set of them to generate a single self-consistent unit of Raw Data using a Technique, an Instrument and possibly other Equipment under constant or varying conditions described by Settings, depending on the particular research context. Data Acquisition may be an experimental (Measurement) or a computational (Calculation, Simulation) process. Data Acquisition is specific to a Technique: an investigation on the same System conducted using a different Technique implies a different Data Acquisition. The output of Data Acquisition is Raw Data.
Data Acquisition
Physical or virtual identifiable piece of Equipment used to perform a Data Acquisition and to generate Raw Data. The Instrument is located in a (physical or virtual) Laboratory hosted by an Institution and can be physically, virtually, and/or remotely accessed. A virtual Instrument may be any computational resource or HPC infrastructure (cloud infrastructure or supercomputer) needed to perform Calculations or Simulations.
Instrument
Experimental Data Acquisition performed by one or more Research Users on one or more physical Systems (Materials or Samples) using an experimental Technique. One or more Measurements may also be performed during Processing and Treatment, e.g., to characterize the intermediate stages and/or the final resulting physical System(s). A Measurement may require the use of Consumables.
Measurement
Set of all the processes and activities performed by one or more Research Users, who are part of the same Project, with the purpose of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis and supporting the answer to some scientific research question. The output of a Study is usually reported in one or more Scientific Publications and may be supplemented by Publication Data.
Study
Any experimental, theoretical, or computational method with a specific aim, including but not limited to: process and/or treat Samples, prepare Models, acquire and/or analyze Research Data, using some Equipment.
Technique
The role of the Research User in a Project, in the context of a specific Study. Examples of User Role are: data curator, project leader, project member. User Role also determines the access rights which might be granted in the information system(s) used for data management (i.e., Data Collaboration Platform, Data Repository, Metadata Repository).
Controlled vocabulary partially adopted from contributorType in DataCite version 4.6 (https://doi.org/10.14454/mzv1-5b55), including only the relevant concepts valid for individuals (and not for institutions). The additional custom term Instrument Scientist was added. To date, DataCite has not published an official SKOS or RDF release in version 4.6 with resolvable URIs
User Role
Data collected, created, or examined by one or more Research Users to be analyzed or considered as a basis for reasoning, discussion or calculation in a research context, with the purpose of generating, verifying, and/or validating original scientific claims that support the answer to some specific research question. According to this definition, Raw Data, Processed Data, Analyzed Data and Reference Data are particular types of Research Data. Research Data is typically in the form of one or more data files, but it may potentially be a data stream or any other form of data which is relevant in a particular data management context. Research Data may be described by Metadata and may be stored in a Data Collaboration Platform and/or in a Data Repository. Research Data may undergo some kind of Data Curation and be aggregated into a Dataset.
Adapted from the definition of Research Data in https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/grants_manual/hi/oa_pilot/h2020-hi-oa-pilot-guide_en.pdf
Research Data
Any kind of physical or virtual item, device, machine or other tool located in a Laboratory hosted by an Institution, which can be physically, virtually, and/or remotely accessed to perform any of the processes during the course of a Study, by applying a Technique. Equipment is usually an investment. According to this definition, an Instrument is a particular type of Equipment.
Equipment
Any descriptive data intended to contextualize or otherwise qualify Research Data and/or Datasets and/or Publication Data and their management through time. Typically, Metadata is created in the course of a Study and then integrated, organized, and refined during Data Curation. Examples of Metadata are: Sample properties and/or treatment history recorded in an Electronic Laboratory Notebook, Instrument parameters saved with Raw Data, analysis processes saved with Analyzed Data, Settings of a Model, but also data license, affiliation of Research Users, descriptions of how files are named, structured and stored. Metadata may be registered in a Metadata Repository and assigned a Persistent Identifier.
Partially adapted from the definition of Metadata in ISO 15489-1:2016 s 3.12, in https://doi.org/10.2777/1524 and in https://helmholtz-metadaten.de/glossary
Metadata
Long-lasting reference which provides the information required to reliably identify, verify, and locate a digital resource, e.g., Research Data (typically, but not limited to, Publication Data), Metadata, Scientific Publications, but also Systems, Research Users, Equipment, and/or Institutions.
Partially adapted from the definition of Persistent Identifier in https://doi.org/10.2777/1524 and in https://helmholtz-metadaten.de/glossary
Persistent Identifier
Person, usually member of a Project, who conducts any part of the Study to collect and/or to analyze Research Data, and/or reuses Reference Data to extract insights that support the answer to some specific research question, usually reported in one or more Scientific Publications. A Research User may be assigned with a User Role.
Adapted from the definition of Research User in https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57135-5_18 and of Contributor in DataCite version 4.6 (https://doi.org/10.14454/mzv1-5b55). To date, DataCite has not published an official SKOS or RDF release in version 4.6 with resolvable URIs
Research User
PRIMA
The PRIMA Thesaurus contains concepts to describe the high-level provenance information of entities and data collected in experimental and computational Studies, and then archived for further data discovery and data sharing.
Materials Science, Nanoscience
PRIMA - PRovenance Information for MAterials science